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Lenguaje algorítmico
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
Pascal
\end_layout

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<row>
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LÉXICO
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: 
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: una acción
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LÉXICO
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...
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ALGORITMO
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...
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FIN
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: función
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LÉXICO
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ALGORITMO
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FIN
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...
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ALGORITMO
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PRE { 
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precondición algoritmo
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...
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FIN
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(
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(
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status open

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\begin_layout Standard
La 
\series bold
notación algorítmica
\series default
 establece la forma de describir las acciones e informaciones y organizarlas
 en el tiempo, mientras que el código del programa establece la forma en
 la que estas se implementan de forma interpretable por un ordenador.
 Está formado por un 
\series bold
léxico,
\series default
 donde se definen las informaciones u objetos y las acciones, y el 
\series bold
control,
\series default
 que establece cómo actúan las acciones sobre los objetos.
 La 
\series bold
abstracción
\series default
 sirve para dominar la complejidad de un programa.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Tipos de datos y operaciones primitivos
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Especifican un dominio de valores y un conjunto de operaciones aplicables.
 Los tipos pri
\begin_inset ERT
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\backslash
-
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\end_inset

mi
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status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
-
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\end_inset

ti
\begin_inset ERT
status open

\begin_layout Plain Layout


\backslash
-
\end_layout

\end_inset

vos son:
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\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Entero
\series default
 (
\family typewriter
integer
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Real:
\series default
 Se usa el 
\begin_inset Quotes cld
\end_inset

.
\begin_inset Quotes crd
\end_inset

 como separador (
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).
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\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Booleano:
\series default
 Valores 
\begin_inset Quotes cld
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Verdadero
\begin_inset Quotes crd
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 y 
\begin_inset Quotes cld
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Falso
\begin_inset Quotes crd
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 (
\family typewriter
boolean
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
true
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
false
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Carácter:
\series default
 Se ponen entre comillas simples (
\family typewriter
char
\family default
).
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Las operaciones primitivas son:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset Formula $-$
\end_inset

: Entero
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset

Entero, Real
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
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Real
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\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset Formula $+$
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, 
\emph on

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\emph default
, 
\emph on

\begin_inset Formula $*$
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\emph default
: Entero
\begin_inset Formula $\times$
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Entero
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
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Entero, Real
\begin_inset Formula $\times$
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Real
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Real
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\emph on
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\emph default
:Entero
\begin_inset Formula $\times$
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Entero
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
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Real, Real
\begin_inset Formula $\times$
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Real
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Real
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\emph on
\begin_inset Formula $DIV$
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\emph default
, 
\emph on

\begin_inset Formula $MOD$
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\emph default
: Entero
\begin_inset Formula $\times$
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Entero
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset

Entero
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\begin_inset Formula $<$
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, 
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, 
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, 
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 (
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 (
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>=
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), 
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 (
\family typewriter
<>
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): Entero
\begin_inset Formula $\times$
\end_inset

Entero
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset

Booleano, Real
\begin_inset Formula $\times$
\end_inset

Real
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
\end_inset

Booleano, Carácter
\begin_inset Formula $\times$
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Carácter
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
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Booleano
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\begin_layout Itemize
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, 
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: Entero
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Entero, Carácter
\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
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Carácter
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, 
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, 
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 (
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 (
\family typewriter
or
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\begin_inset Formula $\times$
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Booleano
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Booleano
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 (
\family typewriter
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Booleano
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 (
\family typewriter
chr
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): Entero
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Carácter
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 (
\family typewriter
ord
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\begin_inset Formula $\rightarrow$
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Entero
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\begin_layout Standard
Las acciones primitivas son:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Asignación:
\series default
 
\emph on
Variable
\emph default

\begin_inset Formula $\leftarrow$
\end_inset


\emph on
Expresión
\emph default
.
 Pascal: 
\family typewriter
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var
\emph default
 := 
\emph on
expr
\family default
\emph default
.
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\series bold
Entrada:
\series default
 Leer(
\emph on
lista de variables
\emph default
).
 Pascal: 
\family typewriter
read(
\emph on
vars
\emph default
)
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
readln(
\emph on
vars
\emph default
)
\family default
.
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\series bold
Salida:
\series default
 Escribir(
\emph on
lista de expresiones
\emph default
).
 Pascal: 
\family typewriter
write(
\emph on
exprs
\emph default
)
\family default
, 
\family typewriter
writeln(
\emph on
exprs
\emph default
)
\family default
.
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\begin_layout Standard
Todas las declaraciones e instrucciones del léxico y algoritmo terminan
 por punto y coma, y cada Entero o Real puede ir acompañado de un rango.
 Ejemplos:
\end_layout

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\align center
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Lenguaje algorítmico
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Pascal
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m : 0..59;
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\begin_layout Plain Layout

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\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family typewriter
mes : febrero..abril;
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\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Organización de las acciones
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Composición secuencial:
\series default
 Se introducen estados intermedios para reducir la complejidad, descomponiendo
 el problema en subproblemas más simples independientes.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Itemize

\series bold
Análisis de casos:
\series default
 Se divide el problema en casos según los datos y se resuelve el caso correspond
iente en cada situación.
 La precondición de cada problema debe implicar la precondición inicial,
 y la postcondición de cada uno debe cumplir la postcondición inicial.
 Además, se deben considerar todos los casos como mucho una vez.
\end_layout

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Lenguaje algorítmico
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Pascal
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SEGÚN 
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 { Nombres de las variables a comprobar }
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $e_{1}$
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: 
\begin_inset Formula $a_{1}$
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $\dots$
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\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset Formula $e_{n}$
\end_inset

: 
\begin_inset Formula $a_{n}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
EN_OTRO_CASO: 
\begin_inset Formula $a_{n+1}$
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\begin_inset Formula $_{opcional}$
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\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
FIN_SEGÚN
\end_layout

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\begin_layout Plain Layout
SI 
\begin_inset Formula $e$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
ENTONCES 
\begin_inset Formula $a$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
SI_NO 
\begin_inset Formula $b$
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $_{opcional}$
\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
FIN_SI
\end_layout

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\family typewriter
if 
\begin_inset Formula $e$
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\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family typewriter
then 
\begin_inset Formula $a$
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\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
[ 
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else 
\begin_inset Formula $b$
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\family default
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</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
En Pascal, los campos de expresiones solo permiten una acción, pero se pueden
 agrupar varias en una sola con las etiquetas 
\family typewriter
begin
\family default
 y 
\family typewriter
end
\family default
.
 Además, se debe situar un punto y coma (
\family typewriter
;
\family default
) para separar las acciones.
 No es necesario pues introducirlo antes de un 
\family typewriter
end
\family default
, ni tampoco debe usarse antes de un 
\family typewriter
else
\family default
, pues indicaría el final de la sentencia 
\family typewriter
if
\family default
 completa.
\end_layout

\begin_layout Section
Tipos de datos no primitivos
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
Son las 
\series bold
tablas,
\series default
 los 
\series bold
registros
\series default
 o 
\series bold
producto de tipos
\series default
 (estructuras) y las 
\series bold
secuencias
\series default
.
 Para definir un registro:
\end_layout

\begin_layout Standard
\align center
\begin_inset Tabular
<lyxtabular version="3" rows="2" columns="2">
<features tabularvalignment="middle">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="40text%">
<column alignment="left" valignment="top" width="40text%">
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Lenguaje algorítmico
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout
Pascal
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
<row>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\emph on
nombre_del_tipo
\emph default
 = TIPO < 
\begin_inset Formula $a_{1},a_{2}$
\end_inset

 : 
\begin_inset Formula $T_{1}$
\end_inset

; 
\begin_inset Formula $\dots$
\end_inset

; 
\begin_inset Formula $a_{n}$
\end_inset

: 
\begin_inset Formula $T_{m}$
\end_inset

>;
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\emph on
variable
\emph default
 : 
\emph on
nombre_del_tipo
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
<cell alignment="left" valignment="top" topline="true" bottomline="true" leftline="true" rightline="true" usebox="none">
\begin_inset Text

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family typewriter
type
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \qquad{}
\end_inset


\emph on
nombre_del_tipo
\family typewriter
\emph default
 = record
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \qquad{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \qquad{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $a_{1},a_{2}$
\end_inset


\family typewriter
 : 
\begin_inset Formula $T_{1}$
\end_inset

;
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \qquad{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \qquad{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $\dots$
\end_inset


\family typewriter
;
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \qquad{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset space \qquad{}
\end_inset


\begin_inset Formula $a_{n}$
\end_inset


\family typewriter
 : 
\begin_inset Formula $T_{m}$
\end_inset

;
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \qquad{}
\end_inset


\family typewriter
end;
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout

\family typewriter
var
\end_layout

\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \qquad{}
\end_inset


\emph on
variable
\family typewriter
\emph default
 : 
\family default
\emph on
nombre_del_tipo
\family typewriter
\emph default
;
\end_layout

\end_inset
</cell>
</row>
</lyxtabular>

\end_inset


\end_layout

\end_body
\end_document